Principles of Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Standards of Economics - Essay Example There are financial matters factors and directors of taking care of the issue of liquor misuse. Initially, by expanding the costs of liquor, the position will necessitate that the products won't be effectively moderate, and it would expect individuals to stop so as to manage the cost of it. The administration would be required to aggregate assessment on an item that is utilized in aging or to expand the expense of completed items. Increment in assessment will compel makers raise the costs of liquor. In conclusion, financial expert recommends that by constraining the spot and time utilized in taking liquor can limit the instances of liquor misuse. Experts in numerous nations have passed enactment that expands the time costs utilized in taking drinks. Significant expenses licenses are exacted to those that require more opportunity to build up their organizations and furthermore limiting certain zone by expanding the expense of working together (Cook, 2002). Liquor misuse can likewise b e alleviated through bundling. The administration through enactment can control minimal measure of liquor that can be bundled in a holder. The point of control is to limit the reasonableness of refreshments. Enormous measure of liquor would be more costly than when bundled in littler parcels (Cook, 2002). Question 2 Prescription medications are those medications that require a medicine from a specialist before one can utilize them. This issue has influenced the free progression of medications, hence, influences the gracefully and request of different merchandise. Solutions drugs are taken with different merchandise. Model, specialists recommend sedates and energize dinners that expansion the wellbeing of patients to assist them with recuperating from their sicknesses. Along these lines, doctor prescribed medications supplement other item like food, products of the soil. Expanded utilization of endorsed prescription builds the interest for food, products of the soil and decrease of t he equivalent diminished the need of food, leafy foods (Anderton, 1977). Physician endorsed drugs change the interest and flexibly of different medications. Persistent who would prefer to purchase drugs over the counter don't do so when they look for prescription from specialists. In this way, increment in physician endorsed drugs decreases the arrangement of different medications in the market. Physician recommended drugs expands the interest for clinical help. Specific clinical specialists acquire a great deal when more patients look for their administrations. As an ever increasing number of cases that need patient to look for clinical consideration, the interest for those administrations increments. In any case, decline in the gracefully of physician recommended drugs negatively affects doctor’s administrations. Question 3 Elasticity is the affectability of gracefully and request to changes in the influencing factors. Versatility can likewise be characterized as the level of variety of interest when value change or the measure of progress in flexibly when value changes. Flexibility is a key factor to consider when there is a move in gracefully in light of the fact that it decides the level of an adjustment in the amount provided. Versatile interest bend has little impact when there is a move in the flexibly bend. Inelastic interest bend has an enormous size on the move in the gracefully bend (Stonebraker, 2013). Then again, versatility of gracefully is a factor to consider in the move of the interest bend since it flexibility help decide the degree of the amount requested in a given time. A move in the flexibly bend when is less when the interest bend is moderately versatile. Inelastic interest bend has a critical change in the amount requested if there should be an occurrence of a move sought after bend. The head of versatility of interest and gracefully in the move of

Oliver Twist Essay

In ‘Oliver Twist’ Bill Sykes carries dread to the novel, which adds to the tension and makes you need to peruse on. Bill Sykes is merciless which you before long acknowledge when he savors the experience of beating his pooch or sweetheart, Nancy. Numerous books of this time were brimming with such characters and Dickens, a dramatist and an entertainer just as a writer, knew then well. The vagrant Oliver Twist escapes from the workhouse by fleeing to London. Oliver is acquainted with Fagin who trains him to be a cheat and he is then taken on a theft with Sykes, Oliver recuperates from being shot in the thievery and Nancy attendants Sykes back to full wellbeing. Sykes slaughters Nancy, which terribly affects him, and he later murders himself. Bill Sykes carries the genuine dread to the novel yet he is additionally amazingly erratic. Once in a while he can appear to be very sensible and at times gives grace to his canine and lady friends, yet by and large he keeps everybody in dread of what he will do straightaway. We see proof of this when Fagin says, â€Å"You won’t be too savage Bill? † This announcement shows that they have no trust in him. Bill Sykes additionally has an issue with liquor, he drinks to an extreme degree to an extreme, and this most likely records for a portion of his eccentric conduct. We see proof of his drinking issue when he says, â€Å"†¦ to forestall my standing reward for a 16 ounces of so†¦. † This shows he imagines that he thinks drinking is a treat and doesn't himself believe that he tends to drink too much. Bill Sykes us the model Victorian scoundrel. To be a genuine scalawag Sykes must show no empathy for anybody and we see that on numerous events. At the point when Nancy has breast fed him back to wellbeing, keeping awake for a considerable length of time caring for him, he turns on her the second he awakens. This shows he is extremely careless for any compassion given to him. â€Å"Illness had not improved Mr Sykes’ temper, for as the young lady raised him up and drove him to a seat, he struck her †¦. † He is additionally very prepared to send Nancy out to work and conceivably benefit from what she does. From the entirety of this we can accumulate additional proof that he is thankless for any assistance he got. Sykes treats his canine severely, it gets standard kicks and is compromised continually. At one time when he was going to get away from he considers killing, â€Å"The hound, however. In the event that any portrayals of him were out, it would not be overlooked that the pooch was absent. † Sykes is a run of the mill menace who shows no regret for what he does to other people. We see proof of this when he takes Oliver on the theft with him and couldn't care less whether Oliver gets harmed. Sykes has no regard for Fagin and you can tell this by the manner in which he addresses him. You can see Fagin fears him however Fagin likes to have the final word. In the event that Sykes doesn't get his own specific manner he will go to savagery as we see with the contentions over Oliver, â€Å"†¦ taking a gander at him, and garishly passing a gun into an increasingly advantageous pocket. â€Å"That’s fortunate for one of us. † This shows again Sykes is eccentric and a domineering jerk and brings increasingly strain. At the point when Bill Sykes sees Fagin, Fagin changes the tone of his voice on the double. Fagin is clearly terrified of the physical quality of Sykes yet Sykes is as yet careful about Fagin.

Video game industry analysis Essay Example for Free

Computer game industry investigation Essay History The historical backdrop of computer games goes as far back as the 1940s, when in 1947 Thomas T. Goldsmith, Jr. furthermore, Este Ray Mann documented a United States patent solicitation for a development they depicted as a cathode beam tube entertainment gadget. Video gaming would not arrive at standard notoriety until the 1970s and 1980s, when arcade computer games, gaming consoles and home PC games were acquainted with the overall population. From that point forward, video gaming has become a well known type of diversion and a piece of present day culture in many pieces of the world. There are as of now viewed as eight ages of computer game consoles, with the seventh and the eighth simultaneously progressing. Early Founders During the brilliant time of computer games during the 1970s, it was a race to the begin to see which organization and which software engineer could make a computer game and stage that could best the rest. In any case, most enormous computer game makers can follow their foundations far before that decade, venturing once again into the mid 1900s or even the late 1800s. While some computer game organizations, for example, Nintendo and Sony, would start their monetary interests in different fields, organizations like Atari and Sega were made with an eye toward delivering a definitive gaming framework. The principal significant computer game organization to appear was Nintendo, which would in the long run make computer games well known again during the 1980s. Nintendo is a Japanese organization that was made in 1889 and was initially named the Marufuku Company. In 1951, this organization, which produced Western-style playing a game of cards in Japan, would take the name Nintendo, which means â€Å"leave karma to paradise. In 1891, the Philips Company, proprietor of Magnavox and a significant leader in the computer game creation race, was built up in the Netherlands. In 1947, another significant computer game symbol was established under the name Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Company. After the organizers understood this name was too lumbering to even think about saying and recollect effectively, they altered the Latin word sonus (which means sound) to shape the organization name Sony. Sega was established in 1952, under the name Service Games, as an organization that gave coin-worked games and jukeboxes to American servicemen in Japan. It would not be until 1972, well into the start of computer games, that Atari was shaped as an agreeable association between driving computer game developers Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney. First Video Games and Platforms The thought for an intelligent computer game was first imagined by Ralph Baer, an architect with an airborne gadgets organization, in 1951. Charged to structure a TV for the organization, Baer accepted the TV could be increasingly attractive to customers in the event that it contained a sort of intuitive game (Kent 2001). His thought was shot somewhere around the organization, yet different specialists and software engineers would not let it settle for long. The main authority computer games, a table-tennis sort game and a PC space game, were created in 1958 and 1961, separately. These early computer games end up being the important impetus for game software engineers and were the early ancestors of the mainstream arcade games Pong and Space Invaders. Pong, made by the Atari Company in 1972, transformed into a mind blowing achievement in arcades and prompted the making of the main home video gaming framework, the Magnavox Odyssey. After the moderate accomplishment of the Odyssey, a few computer game organizations would follow with their own home gaming frameworks in 1976 and 1977, including the Atari Video Computer System (VCS). Computer games Take Off By 1978, home computer game consoles were starting to sell well, and more contenders had entered the market. Nintendo of Japan discharged its first computer game that year, an oversimplified rendition of the table game Othello that was promoted in arcades. The mainstream toy producers Mattel and Milton Bradley likewise entered the computer game scene in the accompanying two years with a hand-held computer game unit from Milton Bradley and the Intellivision by Mattel, the principal computer game support to offer genuine rivalry to Atari. During this brilliant time of computer games in the late 1970s, the two driving contenders, Magnavox and Atari, both attempted to add rivalry to the home PC showcase. Magnavox discharged the Odyssey 2, a programmable computer game reassure that incorporated an inherent console, while Atari started selling its very own PC intended to match Apple. In any case, most buyers associated Atari just with computer games, and the PC framework was broadly ignored. During this timeframe, Atari additionally discharged its first home form of the mainstream arcade game Space Invaders, prompting a monstrous increment in deals for the VCS game reassure. As video gaming entered the 1980s, two unbelievably well known games that would reform the business were made. Pac-Man, made by Namco in 1980, turned into the top of the line arcade round ever and the principal computer game that was well known with the two guys and females. The later form, Ms. Pac-Man, would likewise end up being tremendously mainstream at arcades. The following year, in 1981, Nintendo of America made Donkey Kong for arcades. While the saint of Donkey Kong was initially named Jump man, this name was later changed to Mario and he would turn into a symbol in years to come as a key computer game legend. Shockingly, as computer games took off in the mid 1980s, the market immediately got overwhelmed with various consoles and games, and the business encountered a market crash in 1984. Industry Growth Along with expanding Internet and broadband infiltration all through the world, on the web and portable gaming speaks to the best push in the computer game development. The ramifications of this expansion in openness to innovation is many creating nations - explicitly the BRIC economies (Brazil, Russia, India and China) †are currently turning out to be significant players in the business. As on the web and portable gaming turns out to be increasingly moderate, video gaming turns out to be progressively open to creating nations. In spite of the fact that support gaming as of now speaks to the biggest market in the business, its development is anticipated to back off in the up and coming years, from a 10. 9% development somewhere in the range of 2003 and 2008, to a 5. 5% somewhere in the range of 2008 and 2013. In 2008, Europe, the Middle East, and Africa (EMEA) spoke to the biggest video gaming piece of the overall industry (35. 3%). In 2013 it is anticipated the Asia-Pacific area will be the pioneer in both development and piece of the overall industry. The projection is piece of the pie in EMEA and North America will decay, while it is relied upon to increment in Latin America. The computer game industry in the BRIC economies has created in equal design to these countries’ general financial development. It is anticipated the BRIC nations will have expanded piece of the pie in future years. Market size The Video Games are a social wonder that is becoming perpetually noticeable among youthful and old the same. They have become an essential piece of the broad communications culture and have been in presence for close to as long as the TV. While the computer games of today are becoming always itemized and similar, early computer games like Pong, Space Invaders, and Pac-Man were similarly noteworthy and exceptionally engaging at their time. From their most punctual years to the intricate computer game scene of the twenty-first century, computer games have formed into charming, interchange universes that have caught the hearts of a great many players. Starting today, it is evaluated that computer game consoles speak to over 25% of the universes universally useful computational force. Additionally they were restricted in China since June 2000 and now China is seeing dangerous development. Market size from 2003 to 2013 in $billions REVENUE FOR 2012. Size of worldwide conventional computer game market income, barring portable games on advanced mobile phones and tablets: $70 billion, up from $65 billion of every 2011 Size of worldwide computer game market income, remembering versatile games for PDAs and tablets: $78. 5 billion for 2012 Retail programming income: $28 billion, down from $29. 5 billion out of 2011 Online income, including advanced conveyance, memberships, Facebook games: $24 billion, up from $18 billion of every 2011 (Source: DFC Intelligence) CONSOLE MAKERS Microsoft Corp * Xbox 360 propelled in the United States: November 2005 * Xbox reassures sold: 67 million. * Kinect movement sensors sold: 19 million Major activity: Microsoft is relied upon to flaunt new diversion highlights of its Xbox 360 and another variant of Halo. Sony Corp * PlayStation3 propelled in the United States and Japan: November 2006 * As of March 31, PlayStation3 units sold: Over 63 million units * As of June 6, 2011, Sony Move movement sensors sent: 8. 8 million units Major activity: Sony is relied upon to push new games to help deals of the Vita and PlayStation 3. Nintendo Co Ltd * Launched Wii in the United States: November 2006 * Wii units delivered: More than 95 million * DS units dispatched: More than 151 million. * 3DS units: More than 17 million Major activity: Nintendo will at long last uncover the first home support in quite a while at E3. Gadget is relied upon to include HD designs, an extraordinary tablet controller and movement sensors. Programming PUBLISHERS Activision Blizzard Annual income: $4. 8 billion Top establishments: Call of Duty and World of Warcraft Electronic Arts Inc Annual income: $4. 1 billion Top establishments: The Sims and Madden NFL Take-Two Interactive Software Annual income: $826 million Top establishments: Grand Theft Auto and Red Dead Redemption Ubisoft Annual income: 1. 06 billion euros Substitute Products. Substitute items for games possibly tunes from music industry, films from film industry, and TV programs from media business which individuals additionally looked for the sake of entertainment and amusement. There have not been such huge numbers of issues with the substitute items since computer game industry is uprising. As indicated by an author for Fortune, music deals have been falling as of late, the film going experience hasn’t change that much and system TV is on th

Performance Enhancing Drugs Should Be Legalized Essay Example for Free

Execution Enhancing Drugs Should Be Legalized Essay The illicit utilization of anabolic steroids by proficient competitors is frequently a hot catch point in the news. Steroids were prohibited because of the negative symptoms related with its utilization. Regardless of the boycott, numerous competitors are associated with illegal steroid use to improve their exhibition. There is incredible expense related with irregular testing to decide whether such competitors use steroids. Anne Whitaker and Rosalyn Carson-Dewitt, in the article, â€Å"Point: Performance Enhancing Drugs Should Be Legalized†, make a to some degree powerful contention with regards to why it ought to be authorized. This article gives a contention to the sanctioning of anabolic steroid use by competitors. The creators equal the utilization of restorative medical procedure and unfortunate eating routine regimens by models and entertainers and the utilization of steroids by proficient competitors to remain at the highest point of their games. The creators give accurate data with respect to steroids and the impacts its utilization has on the body, trailed by their conclusion concerning how authorization would profit the games world, yet in addition society overall. Whitaker and Carson-Dewitt give various realities with respect to the qualities of steroids, the impacts of their utilization, and the historical backdrop of its illegalization. They depict various strategies for use: cycling (here and there utilization of a specific portion), stacking (taking numerous steroids all the while), and pyramiding (expanding and diminishing the dose after some time) (Whitaker and Carson-Dewitt, 2011). The creators proceed to portray the physical impacts of steroid utilize, for example, organ harm, stroke, malignant growth and hypertension (Whitaker and Carson-Dewitt, 2011). The creators at that point give a course of events with respect to the forbidding of steroid use in different pro athletics associations followed by a national boycott. It is the assessment of Carson-Dewitt and Whitaker that steroids ought to be sanctioned. They opined that sanctioning would have complex advantages: expanded security and guideline of steroid use, diminished access and utilization of steroids by teenaged youngsters; and decrease in the expenses related with testing. While, by all accounts, these assessments appear to be intelligent, the contentions are not all upheld by realities. The case that legitimization of steroids would lessen its utilization by young people, basically in light of the fact that they would be recommended by specialists, is unmerited. Young people would probably keep on getting to steroids through similar techniques as of now utilized. The expense of testing might possibly be diminished as guideline would in any case limit the measure of steroids to be securely utilized. Testing would in any case happen to check that lawful safe cutoff points were watched. The verifiable data contained in the article is adequate to give a viewpoint from which to comprehend the authors’ contention. The creators come up short, anyway to give truthful data to help their cases. This outcomes in a contention that sounds conceivable on a superficial level, however crashes and burns with any measure of basic reasoning. Therefore, I accept the creators neglected to make a convincing contention. References Carson-Dewitt, Rosalyn, and Whitaker, Ann. â€Å"Point: Performance Enhancing Drugs Should Be Legalized.† By: Points of View: Steroids, 2011.

The Role of Human Capital in the New Global Economy Essay

The Role of Human Capital in the New Global Economy - Essay Example It is seen that with the development of the populace towards their period of retirement, countries will in general face a lack of work. The economy faces a work deficiency emergency which neglects to meet the ideal degree of aptitude prerequisite of the general public and economy all in all. Along these lines it is pivotal that countries keep up a specific measure of ability inside the economy which meets its yield and profitability prerequisite. At the end of the day countries need to keep up a parity in their work markets (Turner, â€Å"Executive Summary†). Mechanical headway has additionally assumed a noteworthy job in the expanding seriousness of countries. In addition it frames an essential part behind the seriousness and upper hand of countries in the global market. This has required a work power which is profoundly capable in the field of data innovation so as to support and make due in the worldwide markets. Countries experiencing less headway in innovation and correspondences has endured expertise deficiency and work effectiveness which is the motivation behind why they have lost their serious situation in the market among worldwide contenders (Turner, â€Å"Executive Summary†). With globalization, the predominance of exchange and trade has additionally expanded considerably. Worldwide economies’ dependence on universal exchange has expanded considerably throughout the years.

Midlife Eating Disorders Presentation and Treatment

Midlife Eating Disorders Presentation and Treatment Eating Disorders Print Eating Disorders That Occur in Middle-Aged Adults By Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS facebook twitter linkedin Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, is a certified eating disorders expert and clinical psychologist who provides cognitive behavioral psychotherapy. Learn about our editorial policy Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 08, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 06, 2019 More in Eating Disorders Symptoms Treatment Diagnosis Awareness and Prevention In This Article Table of Contents Expand Prevalence Characteristics Causes Risks Treatment Support View All Back To Top Eating disorders are most often thought of as afflicting teenage girls and young women. In reality, this is not the case. Eating disorders affect people of all ages and genders as well as all ethnicities, body sizes, and socioeconomic statuses. One group that is often neglected in both research and media portrayals of people with eating disorders is middle-aged and older adults. In most cases, middle-age is defined as above 40 years old. Research shows that this age group suffers from eating disorders as well. Illustration by JR Bee, Verywell Prevalence There are essentially three courses that lead to midlife eating disorders.   Early Onset of Chronic Disorder. Some people with midlife eating disorders had the first onset of their eating disorder in adolescence or young adulthood and have been continuously and chronically ill through adulthood.Early Onset Relapse of Disorder. Some people with midlife eating disorders have been in remission from an eating disorder that began in adolescence or young adulthood but have suffered a relapse.First Onset of Disorder. Some people with midlife eating disorders have their first onset at age 40 years or later. The first two presentations appear to be the most common routes to midlife eating disorders. Estimates vary widely in the percentage of midlife eating disorders that present in a person who never had an eating disorder earlier in life. There are more midlife adults with symptoms of eating disorders than those with a full-blown eating disorder diagnosisâ€"this is the case for other age groups as well. Due to the relative overfocus on anorexia affecting teenage girls, midlife is a neglected age in research on eating disorders. The few studies that exist point to eating disorders in this age group being more common than previously thought. According to one study, in any given year, the percentage of middle-aged women with an  eating disorder was 3.6 percent. Other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED) was the most common (1.7 percent), followed by binge-eating disorder (BED) (1 percent), bulimia nervosa (0.4 percent), and anorexia nervosa (0.2 percent). Male Midlife Eating Disorders Even less is known about middle-aged men with eating disorders, but we do know eating disorders occur in this group. Men with eating disorders are understudied and typical eating disorder assessments often do not adequately capture male eating disorder symptoms. It is estimated that the prevalence of eating disorders in middle-aged and older-aged people is around 3 to 4 percent among women and 1 to 2 percent in men. Among males, a version of muscle dysmorphia tends to be more common than anorexiaâ€"it appears to be the same with middle-aged men, too. A review of case reports of middle-aged men with eating disorders showed a significant percentage engaged in excessive exercise, which can be very risky in this population because it can contribute to falls and fractures. Characteristics Fewer midlife individuals present for treatment with bulimia nervosa relative to individuals in younger age groups. A disproportionately high percentage of people with midlife eating disorders are diagnosed with binge eating disorder (BED), a disorder that appears to develop later in life than anorexia and bulimia. Research has shown that people with BED often first present for treatment in their forties. Body Image Body image issues, a common feature of eating disorders, seem to become more complex with age. Body changes that occur with menopause and aging include decreased muscle mass, increased fat, changing body shape, reduced skin firmness, breast changes, and graying hair. Since our culture tends to value the appearance of youth as the ideal form, physical changes related to age can increase anxiety about looking and feeling older and less attractive. Underrepresentation of older people in the media reinforces the message that aging is not desirable. Research has demonstrated that middle-aged people engage in increased speech that endorses the idea of youth as the standard of beautyâ€"they might make comments about looking saggy or wrinkly. This may be considered parallel to “fat talk” in younger people, or statements that disparage different body types and endorse thinness. Causes As with eating disorders that occur at other ages, midlife eating disorders are likely caused by a multitude of factors, including genetic, biological, and environmental. Hormonal changes are believed to play a role. Preliminary research has implicated estrogen’s role in activating eating disorder genes in adolescence. Like puberty, perimenopause is a time characterized by shifts in hormone levels, so some researchers hypothesize that the changing hormones of menopause would be a corresponding risk period. Age-related weight gain that normally occurs with menopause is believed to increase the  risk for the onset of eating disorders in midlife. Many women (and presumably men, too) feel unhappy about the physical changes that occur and they may take steps to control their weight. Unique psychosocial stressors that occur in midlife can also play a role in triggering eating disorders in those who may be predisposed: Widowhood and bereavementMedical illness (surgery)Partner-related problems (infidelity and divorce)Parenting-related transitions (children leaving home)Residential moveRetirementImmigration Risks The medical risks for individuals with midlife eating disorders appear  to be even greater than those for younger people with eating disorders. The full range of potential medical consequences associated with eating disorders include: Hormone disruptionProblems with the digestive systemHeart problemsWeakening bonesElectrolyte abnormalities Midlife women with eating disorders may be up to six times more likely to experience medical problems related to their eating disorder than younger people with eating disorders. The most common medical problem for women ages 50 years and older with eating disorders is osteoporosis. For those who have been chronically ill with an eating disorder for many years, the effects may be heightened. Elderly people with eating disorders may be frailer and more prone to bone fractures. For those with low weights, the risk of death appears to increase with age. In one study, the mortality rate for people with midlife eating disorders was three times greater than it was for younger people with eating disorders. Treatment There is a great lack of research on the  treatment of eating disorders in midlife patients. One study showed that only 27 percent of midlife women who met criteria for an eating disorder diagnosis received any treatment. Given the similarity in presentation and course between eating disorders in midlife and young adulthood, there is a  good reason to believe that the treatments developed in younger populations would be effective in older populations; anecdotal evidence supports this hypothesis. However, there are some innovative treatments that may be better suited for middle-aged adults with anorexia nervosa. Find Relief With the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the treatment that has been most studied for adult eating disorders. CBT-oriented interventions that address age-related changes to the body, self-worth, body acceptance, and self-care have some basis in research for its effectiveness. Treatment should provide psychoeducation about the effect of changing hormones in midlife. CBT has been supported as treatment of all eating disorders and is considered the treatment of choice for patients with bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. Other Treatment One individual treatment developed for adults with anorexia nervosa is the Maudsley Model for Treatment of Adults With Anorexia Nervosa (MANTRA). It has been tested in adults with anorexia nervosa in the United Kingdom and has some preliminary support. It addresses factors such as personality traits that are known to maintain the anorexia in the individual. Support Even though midlife adults are usually living independently from their parents, relevant family members can take part in their eating disorder treatment. In many cases, it can be helpful to incorporate familyâ€"including parents, partners, children, and significant othersâ€"into the treatment of middle-aged adults with eating disorders. For instance, a couples-based intervention, Uniting Couples in the Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa (UCAN), is designed to supplement individual therapy for adults with anorexia nervosa. This treatment focuses on helping couples work together toward recovery from anorexia nervosa. Another program is Neurobiologically Enhanced With Family/Friends Eating Disorder Trait Response (NEW FED TR), which is a five-day intensive treatment program that is undergoing trials in the United States. This treatment approach centers caregivers and loved ones as an integral part of treatment, creating a team that works to fight the eating disorder together. Getting Help People in midlife with eating disorders are often not diagnosed promptly and may be dismissed by providers who are not used to seeing eating disorders in this age group. Middle-aged people with eating disorders may also be reluctant to acknowledge their problems due to the misbelief that older people do not (or should not) get eating disorders. They may have shame and embarrassment over having what they perceive to be “an adolescent problem.” Therefore, it is all the more important that middle-aged people with eating disorders receive the help they need to recoverâ€"oftentimes, they will not seek it themselves. A Word From Verywell If you have a midlife eating disorder, or someone you love has one, it is important to get help. Even if you feel like you are not being taken seriously by a health care provider or that your problem is not severe enough to warrant help, you deserve treatment. Eating disorders can be successfully treated, even among older adults or among people who have been sick for many years. You are never too old to recover.

International Migration Essay Example For Free At Magic Help - Free Essay Example

This paper discusses the extent to which international migration is likely to promote economic development. International migration may be both outward and inward. The loss of nationals is sometimes referred to as the ‘brain drain and suggests the loss of younger, talented professionals who will not be contributing to domestic development, and who, in addition, have taken money out of the developing economy through investment in their education and training. These individuals may send remittances back to their home country, which may provide more income (and foreign currency) than lower paid domestic employment or unemployment, and they may also learn skills that they bring back to their country of origin. Generally, however, ‘brain drain is thought to be detrimental to the home economy. Developing economies may experience a temporary inflow of employees of multi-national corporations (MNCs) and workers with aid organizations, which will raise productivity by introducing skills and knowledge to the benefit of the host economy. The outcomes of international migration are presented as viewed from the standpoint of a developed country. International migration is an integral part of income growth for all countries, and is an important part of migration in many less developed countries, with the numbers of people involved in international migration moving from around 80 million in 1965, to upwards of 185 million in 2005 (Taylor, 2006). As international migration is now widely understood to have the potential to contribute to development, most governments and policymakers are looking for ways through which its benefits can be maximized. Migration is shaped by both economic development and economic underdevelopment, with migration, in turn, shaping economic development. For less developed countries, this interdependence is of interest, as policies could be developed to enhance the potential for migration to contribute to economic develop ment i.e., to use migration as a development tool, by, for example, reducing the costs of remittance transactions or by leveraging remittances so that more of the remittances can be used for improving welfare and stimulating investment in migration-source areas (Taylor, 2006). This use of remittances as a development tool is of particular importance, as remittances (i.e., the transnational flow of money earned by migrants abroad) are a major global economic resource, with the value of remittances having doubled during the 1990s to well over $105 billion annually , which is twice the total level of international aid (Vertovec, 2007). Nowadays, with the realization that remittances are a major global economic resource, policymakers have come to realize that transnational ties condition migration, and so migrant transnationalism has been a subject of much research interest, with a recognition that circular migration (i.e., the movement of migrants to-and-fro between their homelands and their foreign places of work) could be a win-win situation for both sending and receiving countries, with receiving countries being able to deal with labour shortages, by using immigrant labour, and sending countries guaranteeing remittances to help with economic development (Vertovec, 2007). The United Nations (2006) recognizes that the understanding of international migration and its connection to economic development might be best understood in terms of circular migration, stating, â€Å"the old paradigm of permanent migrant settlement is progressively giving way to temporary and circular migration†, with obvious potential for development in the sending and receiving countries that this type of migration offers, with the International Organisation for Migration (IOM) suggesting that circular migration is a development opportunity for those developing countries which send migrants, and that, as such, as part of a program for development, migrant receiving countries s hould allow repeat, temporary migrations and should also give incentives to migrants, such as allowing them to return to the same job (Vertovec, 2007). A case study from Morocco illustrates this idea. Available evidence from Morocco shows that migration and remittances have improved living conditions and income levels in migrant-sending areas, which has transformed these areas in to prosperous areas that now attract internal ‘reverse migrants (de Haas, 2007). However, the idea of remittances as a panacea for development has not played out in Morocco, as there are several structural constraints to the development potential of these remittances, namely that the impacts of migration change with time and depend on the socio-ethnic origin of the migrants, some of which use the remittances to retreat from, rather than to invest in, economic activities at a local level, such that development in migrant-sending regions seems to be, at least in the Moroccan case, a pre-requisite for return to an area, and investment in that area, rather than a reason for migrating in the first place (de Haas, 2007). Thus, international migration cannot be seen as a panacea for development, especially as the link between international, and internal, migration is not yet well understood : for example, whilst it is expected that stimulating remittances and promoting temporary and circular migration will enhance home country development, it is also recognised that economic – and human – development increases peoples capabilities, and their aspirations, and that, as such, circular migration can increase, rather than decrease, migration, at least in the short term, with remittances being complementary to migration in the long term (de Haas, 2006), especially as demand for both skilled and unskilled migrants is expected to be constant. There are, therefore, no short-cut solutions to migration, and, as such, sustained immigration to developed countries, from less d eveloped countries, seems likely. From the developed countries point of view, this is often welcome, as unskilled labour is necessary, hence the flow of such migrants, and because there is a large amount of brain drain that occurs in these countries, and thus a concomitant need for skilled migrants , leading to the suggestion that selective immigration policies should be put in place in order to attract the highly qualified workers that are needed in innovative industries (Straubhaar and Zimmerman, 1993), especially as the amount of immigrants employed in export-oriented, research-intensive is generally weak across the developed world (Zimmerman, 1996). Certain economic models have led to the suggestion that migration leads to an overall decrease in wages, and thus that migration leads not to economic development, in the host developed country, but rather to economic downturn. The new economic geography (see Fujita, Krugman and Venables, 1999) looks at the relative performance of regions in the presence of imperfect competition (i.e., scale economies and costs to trade and transport), and by incorporating these models in to classical models, such as the labour-flow approach, has shown that there is no consistent evidence that immigration causes a decline in wages and increasing unemployment in the receiving country, especially as unskilled labour by immigrant workers can provide complements to home labour, moderating unemployment problems, often independently of trade union wage flexibility conditions (Bauer and Zimmerman, 1997b). Thus, it is currently hypothesized that international migration, to developed host countries, is a beneficial process that can provide necessary labour to cover labour shortages. Looking at international migration through the neo-classical/labour-flow approach, under which migration is viewed from the perspective of labour market disequilibrium, from a demand perspective, small firms are proliferating in developed countries, du e to the increase in entrepreneurial activity, and, as such, there is an increasing demand for skilled workers to fill sub-contracting arrangements, for example, although issues of citizenship can complicate the ability of immigrants to obtain, and to keep, such positions. Looking at migration from the perspective of human capital modeling, however, under which individuals calculate their present discounted value of expected returns in every potential location (see Sjaastad, 1962), the net gains to a migrant are the increase in salary minus the costs of migration, with the ultimate decision to migrate being based on this calculation and individual characteristics, with younger, single, individuals more likely to migrate than older individuals. Decisions to migrate are thus based on individual characteristics, and skills, and on the prevailing economic forces, both in the sending and receiving countries, aswell as there being a strong evidence of networks of migration, as migrants fo llow other migrants, for potential support networks, for example, which leads to self-perpetuation of migration as migration becomes easier for subsequent migrants, leading to a higher net return to mobility and an increasing probability of migration (Bauer and Zimmerman, 1997a). Thus, international migration is a many-faceted process, affecting both receiving and sending countries in ways that are not yet fully understood. What is understood is that, in some way, the gains from international migration can be used as a development tool for benefiting the less developed sending countries economies, in terms of the remittances that are sent home and the positive ways in which these remittances can be put to use by the families of the migrants still at home. This, in turn, can lead to local economic upturns, which can cause internal migration to these areas, which, in turn, can lead to less international migration from these areas. The actual effects of remittances on internal migra tion are complicated, and have been little studied (although see de Haas, 2007). The concrete effects of international migration on the receiving countries depends on the economic situation of the receiving country and the type of labour that is being offered i.e., skilled or unskilled, and, in some respects on the type of model that is used to describe the situation. In some cases, migration of unskilled workers is seen as beneficial, by causing an overall increase in wages and by decreasing unemployment. In addition, the replacement of skilled workers who have left the country by skilled migrant workers can offer direct and indirect economic benefits: a concrete example of this would be the NHS setting in the UK, in which a large percentage of nurses and doctors are now skilled migrant workers, who, it is argued, keep the NHS running and therefore keep the workforce of the UK in work, and at work. Thus, the effects of international migration on the receiving country are many-fa ceted, depending on the economic situation of the country, the skills possessed by the presenting immigrants, and to a great extent on the policies regarding citizenship and immigration that are present in the receiving country. 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