The Timeout Process Free Essays

string(46) " which occur primarily at the surgeons hands\." The implementation of the timeout processes could well be the most important procedure to be introduced to the operating theatre in recent times. This seemingly small change has had a dramatic impact on patient outcome, staff cohesion and cost reduction in medical institutions. However, there are still issues that are obstructing the effectiveness of the timeout, namely poor compliance by some team members who believe that the fast turnover of cases does not allow for the timeout, that they have never had a problem in the past or that the timeout is questioning their competence. We will write a custom essay sample on The Timeout Process or any similar topic only for you Order Now This essay will look at the positive outcome that the timeout process has had in the operating theatre, why it is working and how to ensure that it remains a priority. The writer will also address the problem of poor compliance by some members, why they are resistant to the timeout process and what can be done to ensure their co-operation thereby creating a positive outcome for more patients. In order to place the checklist process in a proper perspective the following historical event is provided: In aviation, pilots have been using checklist since 1935. It was formulated after the crash of the new Boeing Model 299 on its test flight, which killed two of the five crew members. One of the fatalities was Major Ployer P. Hill the Air Corps’ Chief of Flight Testing. The ensuing investigation ruled that the accident was pilot error and not mechanical failure. As the result of this ruling a group of test pilots took it upon themselves to investigate the reason for the pilot error. They concluded that the new technology had a lot more sequential steps for the pilot to follow than the older aircrafts, which made it easier for Major Ployer P. Hill, a highly experienced pilot, to have missed a crucial step. The solution they formulated to rectify this dilemma was a simple checklist. By following this checklist the Model 299 was flown for 1. 8 million miles without an accident. Gawande (2010, p. 32 – 34). Likewise, the nursing profession has been using checklists in various forms, from the implementation of routine recording of vital signs to medication charts. However, it was only in 2001 that a critical care specialist, Peter Pranovost, decided to formulate a simple checklist to try and reduce central line infections in the ICU at the John Hopkins Hospital, where he was working at the time. Peter Pranovost and his colleagues monitored the results of their idea for a year. In that time the ten-day line infection rate went from 11 percent to zero. They proceeded to test other checklists with equally impressive results. (Gawande 2010, p. 7- 39) Several studies were done on surgical outcomes that showed that about half of the complications experienced could have been prevented through the use of this checklist. In these studies it was shown â€Å"that in industrial countries major complications occur in 3% to 16% of inpatient surgical procedures, and permanent disability or death rates are about 0. 4% to 0. 8%. In developing countries, studies suggest death rates of 5% to 10 % during major operations. Mortality from general anaesthesia alone is reported to be as high as one in 150 in parts of sub-Saharan Africa. Infections and other postoperative complications are also a serious concern around the world. † WHO (2007). In 2007 the World Health Organization (WHO) decided that something must be done to improve the situation A team of experts, led by Dr Atule Gawande, was brought together to find a solution. They formulated the surgical checklist and challenged the world to use it. The group investigated the impact of the WHO checklist in eight hospitals worldwide, four in high-income settings and four in low and middle-income settings. Data on in-hospital complications occurring within the first 30 days after surgery were collected prospectively from consecutively enrolled adult patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery, 3733 before and 3955 after the implementation of the checklist. The overall death rate was reduced from 1. 5% to 0. 8% (P= 0. 003) and in-patient complications f rom 11. 0% to 7% (P 0. 001)†. Haynes (2009) What does this surgical checklist entail? As stated by WHO â€Å"The checklist identifies three phases of an operation, each corresponding to a specific period in the normal flow of work: Before the induction of anaesthesia (â€Å"sign in†), before the incision of the skin (â€Å"time out†) and before the patient leaves the operating room (â€Å"sign out†). In each phase, a checklist coordinator must confirm that the surgery team has completed the listed tasks before it proceeds with the operation†. Many institutions worldwide have adopted the surgical timeout; they have changed a few points of the WHO checklist to better meet their needs, with impressive results. A study following 8000 surgical procedures, found that the implementation of the timeout resulted in a 30% reduction in the rate of surgical complications and deaths (Hayes 2009). Not only has patient mortality and expenditure decreased but its application showed an increase in staff cohesion. The surgical checklist has helped to increase communication by ensuring that all members as a team take the time to check and discuss potential problems and expected outcomes for the patient. This enhanced interaction between the multidisciplinary team lends itself to the staff’s increase awareness of potential problems and adverse conditions, which contributes to improved patient outcomes. Taylor (2010) surveyed operating room staff and found a perceived improvement in communication, teamwork, respect and patient safety related to the use of the timeout. Improved patient outcome following the implementation of the surgical checklist has been clearly demonstrated within Veterans Affairs (Neily et al 2010) as well as in the Netherlands (deVries et al 2010) and Iran (Askarian et al 2011). In the Netherlands study by deVries, it was found that most postoperative complications declined and that this decline could be credited to improved communication. An interesting outcome was that rates of bleeding and anastomotic leaks also declined as well as technical problems which occur primarily at the surgeons hands. You read "The Timeout Process" in category "Papers" The findings of this study suggest that the indirect effects of implementing checklists may be much more important than their specific content. (Birkmeyer 2010) Improved communication leads to respect for each team member and trust in each other. To maintain a high degree of efficacy all staff members should be provided with continuous education and evaluation of their performance. All members should therefore be informed and have access to the data that shows the benefits of using the surgical checklist. This will prevent the staff from becoming complacent. However, complacency is not the only obstacle preventing the success of the surgical checklist, poor or even non compliance is of greater concern. There are a number of reasons for this. A checklist implies that mistakes can and do happen. In a study which investigated medical professionals’ attitude to the safety systems 30% of nurses and doctors stated that they ‘did not make errors’. (Sexton 2000; p745-9) A great number of medical personnel have this misconception that they do not make mistakes or they feel that admitting to mistakes, no matter how minor, will lead to their colleagues loosing respect for them and some fear being punished as the medical profession as a whole has a low tolerance for errors. These feelings can cause staff members not to report minor incidences; unfortunately many minor incidences can lead to major problems. The hierarchy system that exists in the theatre environment also leads to poor compliance with regards to the surgical timeout. Although nursing in theory is now deemed to be a profession that works alongside doctors, not for them or subservient to them, in practise this is not always the case. When there is resistance from the surgeon or anaesthetist toward the checklist this resistance is expressed verbally in an active ridiculing manner, or non-verbally by just ignoring the process (Valen, Waehle et al 2012, p 4). When this type of attitude is displayed the theatre nurses’ main objective becomes self-preservation and the maintenance of peace, which makes the nurse rush the checklist and omitted points that may cause the surgeon or anaesthetist to become more displeased. If the surgeon and anaesthetist are supportive of the checklist, it is more likely that it will be done correctly. (Mahajan 2011, p161-8) One often finds that staff feel that doing the surgical checklist will cause delays in patient turnover, they also feel that the current system is working for them and their team so why fix what is not broken. The 2010 report by Patient Safety First showed that while most trusts reported that the checklist led to improved safety and teamwork the most common challenges to its implementation were negative clinician attitudes. (Allard, 2011, p711-17) In the operating theatre setting there are three professions involved, namely, nursing, surgery and anaesthesia and all three are working towards a common result and yet each profession is accustomed to doing this to achieve individual goals. All three are faced with staff shortages, educational duties and economic pressures. (Lingard et al 2006, p 471-83) These pressures lead to the inconsistent use of the checklist. When the checklist process is started all staff are meant to stop what they are doing, thereby giving their full attention to the checklist. However, this is not always the case as team members may be reluctant to alter their work routine and feel that what they are doing is more important, or that if people of the team knew what they were doing the checklist would not be necessary. Amalberti et al 2005, p756-64) If there is no clear decision made as to who is responsible for the completion of the surgical checklist, points may not be addressed or in the rush the checklist may just be ticked so that it is complete when it is audited. Vats et al( 2010, p340) discovered that there was confusion over who’s responsibility it was to do the sign-out checks which were frequently missed due to it being at the most time pressured part of the process and also found some checklists to be incomplete, hurried, dismissed or completed without key members participation. As can be seen from the above observations there are a number of factors that lead to poor compliance and this presents a challenge in finding ways to remedy this. It is hard for junior or more timid members of the team to implement the checklist if the more senior or assertive members are not compliant. Paull et al (2009, p 675-78) states that leadership support was deemed the strongest single predictor of successful checklist implementation among sixty four Veterans Health Administration Facilities. When studying the implementation efforts of five hospitals Conley et al (2011, p873 – 79) found that having the department chiefs as members of the implementation team and actively promoting the checklist was a big factor in its success. The senior staff need to lead by example and should be seen actively supporting and participating in this process, which in turn will ensure compliance by the rest of the staff. A team approach is recommended, with the team being made up of respected members of physicians, anaesthetists and nurses. Having all disciplines represented in these teams is important as they are likely to positively influence their peers. (Reinertsen et al. 2007) This team approach removes the need for a nurse to approach a doctor or anaesthetist, which would prove difficult and they would more inclined to ignore the advice given. To ensure the surgical checklist is adopted completely by the multidisciplinary team, it should be first introduced on a small scale, to one team or theatre. This allows for more comprehensive training in the correct way to complete the surgical checklist (Taylor 2010), Positive feedback will filter from the team doing the checklist to the teams not involved, so when they have to start using the check list they will have a positive attitude towards it. This is when changes should be made to the list which will customize it to the institution. The success of the surgical checklist will filter to the other surgical teams, thereby causing wider acceptance and compliance. Langley 2009) Modifying the original WHO checklist will ensure equal participation from all team members and, therefore, creates a checklist that is inherently â€Å"team led†. A feeling of ownership will be cultivated. The WHO published a comprehensive implementation manual (WHO, 2008) to accompany the introduction of the WHO checklist that encouraged modification to fit with local practice, cautioning against making the checklist overly complex. The Multidisciplinar y team members need to receive comprehensive training with regards to how the surgical checklist is to be presented to the other staff members. They need to have clear guidelines as to who will take ownership of the checklist, in many cases it is the circulating nurse. The checklist should ideally not be recited from memory; it should be read from the list. All activity should stop when the checklist is being presented. To maintain the interest and compliance of all staff, regular feedback should be given, namely real-time feedback. As Ursprung et al (2005) cited in their discussion on improving safety, providing real-time feedback is critical for early detection and remediation of problems that may arise. Data should be collected on a regular basis and be correlated, as to provide solid evidence that will provide proof of the goals the staff have achieved and evidence of what still needs to be addressed. Thereby, maintaining their interest in the checklists importance. The surgical checklist when approached in the proper manner is a simple tool that has the potential to improve patient outcomes expediential. Various studies by A. B Haynes (2009), J. Neily (2010), C. Hayes (2009) just to name a few have shown marked improvement with regards to patient complications and mortality rates. To prevent poor compliance by members there are a number of strategies that can be adopted. Senior members should be seen to actively participate in the checklist process so that the rest of the staff will take ownership of their checklists. To assure the success of the checklist, a small team should be formed comprising of respected members of the three disciplines involved, this will allow for peer interaction. Introducing the checklist on a small scale allows for more comprehensive education and positive feedback to the members not involved. The culture in theatre needs to change, the theory that doctors and nurses are both professionals in their own rights and neither are boss over the other, needs to be put into practise. The multidisciplinary team in theatre needs to become a team, forget their individual agendas and make the positive outcome for their patients their priority. The surgical checklist will help, as it creates the opportunity for open communication between the multidisciplinary team, which leads to greater respect and trust between the members. With the ever increasing number of surgeries performed each year, the need for quicker turnover times will become greater, therefore without the surgical checklist, surgical complications and mortality rates will increase. It is the opinion of the writer based on the evidence gathered, that the implementation of a comprehensive surgical checklist, should be mandatory for every medical facility in the world. How to cite The Timeout Process, Essays

Trip to Dubai free essay sample

Water Park. Expedia, 2010) We stayed there for about five or so hours before returning to the hotel. On day two of our trip we woke up at eight o’ clock and went down to the aquarium dining room and had breakfast. After eating we left to meet our guide and captain for our Palm Cruise. (South Travels , 2010) The cruise was great it took us all around the man made palm islands, and included an afternoon lunch. When we got done with the cruise we returned back to the hotel. We spent hours in just our hotel looking around at all of the amazing architecture that went in to building the hotel, not to mention the huge indoor aquarium with exotic fish and other sea life from all over the world. After exploring for a while we went up to our room and went to bed . On day three we woke up and went to the hotel pool for a little while before leaving for the Burj Experience which was a seaplane tour that took us to see the Dubai Creek Golf Yacht Club, Jebel Ali Golf Resort Spa, the Burj Al Arab and the world’s tallest building the Burj Khalifa. We will write a custom essay sample on Trip to Dubai or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Asia Travel Tips, 2010). The seaplane tour was amazing but as soon as it was over we were headed off to our Nighttime Panoramic Tour of Dubai, which was a double-decker bus tour through the city of Dubai. The tour showed you all of Dubai’s main attractions as well as the terrific nighttime lights throughout the city. When the tour was over we went back to our hotel to sleep. On day four we had to wake up early because we had to be at the airport at six-thirty to catch our seven-thirty flight out of Dubai heading to Munich. When we got to Munich we got on another plane headed to Newark where we caught our final plane to Greenville Spartanburg International Airport. The trip was amazing and the experience of a lifetime so I encourage you to take a trip similar to this one if you ever get a chance. ? Works Cited Expedia http://www. expedia. com/pub/agent. dll? qsfr=cmfditid=itdx=itty=ecid= Car Rentals http://www. carrentals. net/carstp2. php? country=2area=55company=27 Asia Travel Tips http://www. asiatraveltips. com/ South Travels http://www. southtravels. com/

Link Spiritual Development and Education †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Link Spiritual Development and Education. Answer: Introduction: India is the largest country in South Asian region with a population of about 1.2 billion (Subbarayalu 396). The country borders the Indian Ocean on the South, the Arabian Sea on the South West and the Bay of Bengal on the South East. The Indian culture dates back to more than 4,500 years during the Vedic period. It is the foundations of Hindu philosophy, mythology, theology, and literature that led to the development of many beliefs and practices which exist even to date. A myth is a popular historical belief that explains the origin of cultural practices or natural phenomenon (Brown and Aaron 13). The stories are always supernatural. As a result, mythology is defined as the study of the paranormal stories that account for the existence of something (Sellaturray et al. 390). The Indian mythology is rich of elements that form the Indian culture making it even unique in the world. Different Indian stories have been passed from generation to generation through word of mouth or the stored scriptures and works of art economics. The Indian myths always convey subtle facts, rules, and maxims to offer guidance the daily lives of people. There are several Indian myths, some of which include; yoga is a system of exercise, India is poor, India is a country and traveling in India is dangerous and Vishnu. According to Indian mythology, Lord Hanuman is one of the seven immortals that was devoted to Rama. Others immortals include Kripacharya, Parashurama, Vibhihana, Mahabali, Ashwattama, and Vyas (Weiss and Richards 274). Hanuman immortality is a combination of several boons that he received from many different gods. Hanumans father was Vayu the god of wind and Anjana, a celestial nymph and was believed to be a monkey because of the spelled curse on Anjana by sage. A story of Hanuman while young, leaping up the sky when mistook Sun to be a ripe mango that he wanted to eat to quench the hunger (Bhatnagar and Sushma 3). Unfortunately, Lord Indra the king of gods intervened when Sun made noise after being shocked with Hanumans behavior. Indra came to help Sun, by striking Hanuman down into the earth using Vajra, a thunderbolt that led to breakage of hanumans its jaw. In Sanskrit, the word Hanu means Jaw while Man means Disfigured so the word Hanuman means disfigured jaw. The action annoyed Hanuman father, Vayu, (God of wind) to go into secluded place, taking all the air in the world along with him hence the living beings began asphyxiating, this led Indra to withdraw the effect of the thunderbolt that kept Hanuman unconscious. Later devas revived Hanuman blessing him with multiple boons to appease Vayu. The boons granted Hanuman manyblessings. Varuma granted Hanuman the boon of life, meaning that he would not die either from noose or water, Yama granted him the boon of good health as he would be invulnerable to the chastisement rod while Lord Kuvera granted Hanuman the boon that his mace will never cause any harm during combat and Hanuman will live long. The combination of all these blessings made Hanuman powerful and immortal. The immortality is evident when Lord Ram issued a command that Hanuman to be executed by arrows because of disharmony, a threat that was created by Narada. The execution through the use of arrows failed to do any harm to Hanuman even when Ram tried to use Brahmastra. There are other 108 names of Lord Hanuman in the Sanskrit language. Due to intense devotion and adoration to Rama-bhakti, Hanuman became ideal character among the Indians even to date. Today Hanuman is a subsidiary figure and worshiped in most of the Indian temple that is dedicated to Rama or in the shrines that are dedicated directly to Hanuman himself (Ali and Mumtaz 257). In those shrines, monkeys always throng since they know that they cannot get any human interference. Most of the devotees believe that in the chanting of the name Hanuman, leads to the destruction of demons economics. In every Indian home, a lamp is always lit daily at specific times and places, some before the altar, some before the dawn, some before dusk some homes twice a day and some homes the lamp is continued throughout the day (King and Ursula 250). All the functions such as housewarmings and housebreaking always commence with the lighting of the lamp too, throughout the event. Among the Indians, light is perceived as a symbol of knowledge, during darkness as a symbol of ignorance. Knowledge removes darkness, and it is a lasting inner wealth by which the outer achievement is accomplishable; therefore, Indian also believes that Lord is the knowledge principle, the source, the illuminator, the enlivener (Sinha and Ajay 64). Thats why the Indian light the lamps, bow down to the knowledge as the greatest form of wealth and most major source of knowledge. Even with todays development where there is electricity in almost every part of the world, Indians still doesnt embrace the light from the bul b. The traditional oil lamp is believed to have spiritual significance as it symbolizes Indian Vaasanas, or negative tendencies, the wick and the ego. When there is light, the spiritual gets exhausted slowly, and finally, the ego perishes too. As the flame burns upwards, Indians too ask knowledge to take them to higher ideals. During those events, there are four different lamps used; In auspicious work, the lamp is preferable to as Sthapitadipa meaning the witness for that occasion or work (Sinha and Ajay 67). During the worships and some vows such as marriage, the lamp made from the flour dough, Pisthadipa. Another lamp that is known as Aukshana is waved around a person to increase the lifespan while Raghuvansh is a lamp that is lit around horses before a war begins to bring protection and victory. Ethics is the ideology of protecting, recommending the proper behavior from the wrongful actions. India has versed ethical issues that are used to uphold life moral values such as brotherhood, honesty, and integrity (Seetharam and Sridevi 75). These values come from great Indian Epics such as Ramayana and the Mahabharata. Such stories teach the children the importance of keeping a promise, having affection and relevance to their parents, warnings of bad advice, defending the weak, sibling bonding and more other moral lessons. Conclusion Beliefs and practices have been important parts of the Indian religion and culture, which makes them believe that they are incomplete without them and passable from generation to generation. The diversity and the uniqueness have made them be recognized globally, and are all practiced with each believing on different aspects due to different opinions that everyone has toward them. Works cited Ali, SriMumtaz. "Spiritual Well-Being: The Fourth Dimension Of Health."Indian Journal Of Public Health, vol 56, no. 4, 2012, p. 257. Medknow, doi:10.4103/0019-557x.106411. Bhatnagar, Sushma. "To Find The Story Behind The Story......"Indian Journal Of Palliative Care, vol 19, no. 1, 2013, p. 1. Medknow, doi:10.4103/0973-1075.110211. Brown, Aaron. "Kelly Myths And Heroes."Wilmott, vol 2016, no. 85, 2016, pp. 10-15. Wiley-Blackwell, doi:10.1002/wilm.10531. King, Ursula. "Earthing Spiritual Literacy: How To Link Spiritual Development And Education To A New Earth Consciousness?."Journal Of Beliefs Values, vol 31, no. 3, 2010, pp. 245-260. Informa UK Limited, doi:10.1080/13617672.2010.520998. Sellaturay, SenthyV et al. "Proteus: Mythology To Modern Times."Indian Journal Of Urology, vol 28, no. 4, 2012, p. 388. Medknow, doi:10.4103/0970-1591.105748. Sinha, Ajay. "Ajay Sinha. Review Of "Gods On The Move: Architecture And Ritual In The South Indian Temple" By Crispin Branfoot.."Caa.Reviews, 2010, College Art Association, doi:10.3202/caa.reviews.2010.62. Subbarayalu, Y. "Book Review: Irfan Habib And Faiz Habib, Atlas Of Ancient Indian History."The Indian Economic Social History Review, vol 51, no. 3, 2014, pp. 394-399. SAGE Publications, doi:10.1177/0019464614537139. Weiss, Richard S. "Religion And The Emergence Of Print In Colonial India: Arumuga NavalarS Publishing Project." The Indian Economic Social History Review, vol 53, no. 4, 2016, pp. 473-500. SAGE Publications, doi:10.1177/0019464616662138.

Is the statutory ban against idling motor vehicle engines is helpful in improving the air quality of Hong Kong free essay sample

Although the statutory ban against idling motor vehicle engines is helpful in improving the air quality of Hong Kong, there are some exemptions which cannot be avoided. For example : traffic jams occur and all the vehicles will remain stationary but have their engines on. This situation cannot apply to the ban because the drivers are forced to idle their cars and they are not willing to do that, so they are not considered to violate the law. Another exemption is that some vehicles need to keep their engines on in order to prevent the deterioration of their goods, such as vehicles which their owners sell their ice-cream and the engines are needed to turn on in order to provide the refrigerative function. Therefore, can we say that the ban is effective? In our group, we all agree that it is ineffective in lowering the API of Hong Kong because there are many exemptions in the ban and a lot of drivers can escape from the law. We will write a custom essay sample on Is the statutory ban against idling motor vehicle engines is helpful in improving the air quality of Hong Kong? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Furthermore, the sources of air pollutants are not only from the vehicles, but also from the operations of factories and power stations, so only establishing law to prevent the drivers from idling the motor vehicle engines is not enough to protect our living environment. We need to have other possible solutions to help meliorating the problem. In order to reduce the air pollutants emitted by the vehicles, we suggest installing a 3-way catalytic converter, which can oxidize carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide 2CO + O2 2CO2, unburnt hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water CxH2x+2 + (3x+1)/2 O2 xCO2 + (x+1) H2O and reduce nitrogen oxides to nitrogen and oxygen 2NOx ï ¹ ¥N2 ï ¼â€¹ xO2. Nevertheless, the catalytic converter cannot be used on leaded petrol vehicles because Lead will poison the catalyst such as Platinum inside the converter. Indeed, there are more possible solutions to solve the problem. Expanding the rail network or using public transports instead of private cars can also improve the air quality because the amount of cars used can be reduced and the emission of pollutants from cars can also be diminished. The usage of environment-friendly cars are also effective due to the use of electricity instead of hydrocarbons to provide fuels for motion, but these types of cars have a higher cost and inconvenient for charging the batteries frequently. Moreover, planting trees not only can help absorbing the excess carbon dioxide emitted from power stations or vehicles, this method can also help regulating the temperature because carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas which can cause global warming. To conclude, all people should have the responsibilities to take part in improving the air quality. The statutory ban is not sufficient to improve the air quality, so other methods which have mentioned before should be introduced. If people in Hong Kong can have more concern about our poor living environment, we are sure that they will contribute for improving it throughout their daily lives. We hope that people can pay more attention to this situation and thus Hong Kongs API can be lowered

History of the 1920 Olympics in Antwerp

History of the 1920 Olympics in Antwerp The 1920 Olympic Games (also known as the VII Olympiad) closely followed the ending of World War I, being held from April 20 to September 12, 1920, in Antwerp, Belgium.  The war had been devastating, with massive destruction and monstrous loss of life, leaving many countries unable to participate in the Olympic Games. Still, the 1920 Olympics went on, seeing the first use of the iconic Olympic flag, the first time a representative athlete took the official Olympic oath, and the first time white doves (representing peace) were released. Fast Facts: 1920 Olympics Official Who Opened the Games:  King Albert I of BelgiumPerson Who Lit the Olympic Flame:  (This was not a tradition until the 1928 Olympic Games)Number of Athletes:  2,626 (65 women, 2,561 men)Number of Countries: 29Number of Events:  154 Missing Countries The world had seen much bloodshed from World War I, which made many wonder whether the wars aggressors should be invited to the Olympic Games. Ultimately, since the Olympic ideals stated that all countries should be allowed entrance into the Games, Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Hungary were not forbidden to come, they were also not sent an invitation by the Organizing Committee. (These countries were again not invited to the 1924 Olympic Games) In addition, the newly formed Soviet Union decided not to attend. (Athletes from the Soviet Union did not reappear at the Olympics until 1952.) Unfinished Buildings Since the war had ravaged throughout Europe, funding and materials for the Games was difficult to acquire. When the athletes arrived in Antwerp, construction had not been completed. Besides the stadium being unfinished, the athletes were housed in cramped quarters and slept on folding cots. Extremely LowAttendance Though this year was the first that the official Olympic flag was flown, not many were there to see it. The number of spectators was so low- mainly because people could not afford tickets after the war- that Belgium lost over 600 million francs from hosting the Games. Amazing Stories On a more positive note, the 1920 Games was notable for the first appearance of Paavo Nurmi, one of the Flying Finns. Nurmi was a runner who ran like a mechanical man - body erect, always at an even pace. Nurmi even carried a stopwatch with him as he ran so that he could evenly pace himself. Nurmi returned to run in the 1924 and the 1928 Olympic Games winning, in total, seven gold medals. The Oldest Olympic Athlete Although we normally think of Olympic athletes as young and strapping, the oldest Olympic athlete of all time was 72 years old. Swedish shooter Oscar Swahn had already participated in two Olympic Games (1908 and 1912) and had won five medals (including three gold) before appearing at the 1920 Olympics.   At the 1920 Olympics, 72-year-old Swahn, sporting a long white beard, won a silver medal in the 100-meter, team, running deer double shots.

Business ethic case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Business ethic case - Essay Example Counselors have a responsibility to help mitigate the damage done by racism in the workplace. Companies have a responsibility to act justly toward their employees and shareholders. Government has a responsibility to protect the liberty of its citizens. Minorities have a responsibility to speak out against such oppression wherever possible. The majority has a responsibility to protect the weak. Employees have a responsibility to their employers and co-workers to maintain an egalitarian work ethic. Ultimately, the primary stakeholders are individual families, the only stakeholders who are secondary victims of a racist corporate culture. Consider the roots of workplace racism proactively. What causes racism in the workplace? It could be a matter of resources. There may not be enough jobs to go around and people want those of their own race to benefit over others, or it could be a matter of personal intent. People tend to express aggression toward those they see as somehow inferior either physically, mentally or socially. Usually, this tends to be a matter of self-esteem. What understanding must people have to avoid workplace racism? The basic belief everyone must adopt in order to avoid racially charged conflict at work is simple. We must understand that although we may not all look, think, and act alike, everyone has the right to live and survive peaceably within our society. That means although I may not like a person for whatever reason, I should give them the room they need to provide for themselves and their families. If there is no other reason I feel this way, it should be because I wish for the same. If othe rs feel hostile toward me, I want them to leave me alone enough to feel secure in my job and at home at the very least. Some thinkers have posited this notion as the basis for the social contract. Why do humans not simply overrun one another with force and

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 18

Ethics - Essay Example Syria’s situation was different because it was complex. It would take much monetary help through the use of militia. â€Å"Rwanda involved the use of small arms.† (The Gurdian) According to Gilligan, care ethics is a normative theory. This means it is a theory about what makes right or wrong of ones actions. It is known as moral theory. The contrast between ethics of care and ethics of justice is clear when one seems to incorporate moral reasoning to professional discipline substances. The Western morality concept is dominant of rights and justice in its basing. Other principles are formal rationality, impartiality, and impersonality which are universal. They form the basis of moral development and are the bedrock of the dormant Western morality conception. â€Å"Gilligan’s concept contrast with ethic of justice based of relationship and care.† (Virginia) Walzer’s version of dirty hand theory is based on ethics of war in the political sphere’s quest for power. â€Å"He argues that if distributive justice is based on the standards of complex equality then manager selection is the entity of the employees.† (Baarda A and M) This is contrary to the experience of the vast majority in today’s economy that justifies an actor that causes some suffering for the greater good. Mill’s principles bring a different perspective because it gives the idea that happiness is promoted by any action that does not produce pain. Both pain producing and non-pain producing actions contribute to the overall level of society’s happiness. Mills principles do not engage in evil practices to attain happiness. Identical victims are known to be survivors of a scene who possess injuries in their bodies. These injuries are used to separate them from the rest who are in the scene. Therefore the injuries are signs for identity that is clear and easy to detect. Statistical victims are known to be the collective identity